History proves the timeless reality that different religions unavoidably have a shared fate, whenever any religion is faced with persecution. Many times, Christians survived extreme persecutions through defensive alliances with Arabian and Muslim religious leaders:
Under the Roman Empire from 64 AD, Christians were aggressively persecuted, until the Persian King Khosrow I declared tolerance and protection of Christians in 531 AD [1].
During the Arab Muslim Conquests of 622-750 AD, Christians were given protected status of religious rights as “People of the Book” (Bible) [2], which was upheld by the 12th century Sultan Salahadin and Saracen Knights.
The Ottoman Empire from 1299 AD was the real reason for most of the medieval Crusades and later “Crusader” battles in defense of Christianity, escalating to genocide against Christians from 1843 AD. This was stopped when the Arab Revolt (1916-1918) of moderate Muslims from Mecca condemned it for violating doctrines of spiritual Islam [3], causing the Empire to collapse in 1922, and its imperial Caliphate was abolished in 1924 [4].
The worst persecutions against Christians were actually by the French Socialists (1789-1799), Soviet Socialists (1922-1991), Nazi Socialists (1933-1945), and Chinese Socialists (since 1949), who all imposed official Atheism and tried to abolish all religions, exiling and executing Clergy and destroying Churches.
The most openly genocidal modern persecution of Christians was by the self-styled “Islamic State” of radical Islam (from 1999), led by “Turkmen” descendants of the Ottomans [5] as a “restoration” of the Ottoman Empire [6]. It was wholly condemned by Saudi religious authorities as an “Enemy of Islam” [7], and by mainstream Muslim leaders worldwide [8]. Iraq invited and cooperated with Iran, and Syria invited and cooperated with Christian Russia, destroying most of the Islamic State by 2018 [9] [10].
History thus proves that the true “Enemies” of the Templar Order are not really any other religion, but actually the deeper forces underlying totalitarian Empires and Socialist states.
(See full report Defenders of the Church for more details)
Defining the Templar concept of the “Enemies of Humanity” is essential to understanding the true role of the Order as Defenders of All Faith and Guardians of Justice. The Temple Rule of 1129 AD provides a revealing insight into the authentic Templar understanding of the identity of their real enemies:
The Temple Rule defines the purpose of Templar warfare as being to “remove from the land the enemies of Jesus Christ” (Rule 14), and to “defend the land from [the] enemies of the Son of the Virgin Mary” (Rule 56) [11].
Muslims believe in Jesus (‘Issa’) as a major Prophet of God who performed miracles, believe in his Ascension into heaven, in the Virgin Mary (‘Maryam’) and the Annunciation of the virgin birth, and even believe in the Second Coming of Jesus as the Messiah (‘Al-Masih’), all featured prominently in the Holy Quran. Therefore, just as Muslims gave Christians protected status as “People of the Book” (of Jesus), by definition, Muslims as a religion cannot possibly be considered the “Enemies of Christ”.
The Temple Rule most directly defines the primary “Enemy” of the Templar Order as none other than the Biblical Satan, the Devil, who “attacks… with Evil desires and vain thoughts and mean words [defamation]” (Rule 285) [12].
The Temple Rule further defines “Enemies” more generally, warning Templars to be diligent so that “the shadowy Enemies would not lead them astray unto wickedness” (Rule 37), and commands them to “Remove the wicked from among you” (Rule 46), to avoid “the ancient wickedness of the Devil” (Rule 48) [13]. These references to “shadowy Enemies”, who are characterized by the “wickedness of the Devil”, essentially describe Secret Societies involved with doing evil works of Satan.
Most logically, the “Enemies of Christ” are best defined by Jesus himself: Jesus taught to pray to “deliver us from Evil” (Matthew 6:13), declared “condemnation” of Secret Societies of “darkness… because their deeds were Evil” and “Evil hateth [hates] the light” (John 3:19-20), and said of worldly Evil that “me it hateth [hates]” (John 7:7). This was also taught by his Apostles: “And have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness… those things which are done of them in secret.” (Ephesians 5:11-12) [14].
These references also describe the Enemies of Christ as Secret Societies involved with doing evil works of Satan, confirming the Templar definition.
The Code of Chivalry of 1066 AD commands Knights to defend “Right and Good against Injustice and Evil… To combat all Evil, to defend all good” (Commandment X) [15].
The Templar Patron Saint Bernard de Clairvaux, in his speech In Praise of the New Knighthood (ca. 1136 AD), confirmed that the real enemy of the Templar Order none other than the forces of Evil:
“It ceaselessly wages a twofold war both against flesh and blood, and against a spiritual army of Evil in the heavens. … He is truly a fearless Knight and secure on every side, for his soul is protected by the armor of Faith, just as his body is protected by armor of steel.” (Chapter 1) [16]
Therefore, the Templar definition of the “Enemies of Christ” is actually evil-doers in general, and Secret Societies of Satanists specifically, including even those who may pretend to be Christians.
As the “Enemies of Christ” who do the evil works of Satan are most directly opposed to human rights (as the greatest threat to their elitist control), modern Templars also call them the “Enemies of Humanity”.
The historical record conclusively proves that the Templars are Defenders of the Church primarily by fighting for good against evil, regardless of which other religions may or may not be involved.
Indeed, Satanic evil-doers are essentially the enemies of God, and the enemies of all Faith, necessarily opposed to the principle of religion itself, and thus can also be called the “Enemies of Faith”. Accordingly, the Knights Templar always fully understood that the “Enemies of Christ” were generally the same as the enemies of Islam.
The Code of Chivalry of 1066 AD also commands Knights to oppose “Enemies of the Cross”, defining this as “defense… of the Holy Church and God” (Commandment II), confirming that Templars are authentically the Defenders of All Faith against all enemies of God [17].
The Templar historian Emile Leon Gautier (1832-1897 AD), an archivist of the Imperial Archives and Chief of the historical section of the National Archives of France, proved that the actual causes of the Crusader wars of the Middle Ages were not religious differences, but rather manipulations and provocations by secular Imperialist States, to artificially manufacture false Christian-Muslim conflicts, as a “divide and conquer” strategy:
Gautier documented how in the Middle Ages, the first concept of supposed “Terrorism” was used to deceive the people into surrendering their basic civil rights and human rights: Propaganda about the “waves of Saracen [Muslim] invasion alarmed the people… and barbarism threatened to descend… upon the astonished world. It was then… that the weak entertained the very natural idea of seeking the protection of the strong.”
The end goal of this evil agenda was to impose the oppression of “Feudalism, so disastrous to the Church and to the Good”, to consolidate power by the same elitist political clans who deceptively created the crisis. [18]
For this reason, the Code of Chivalry required the Templars to “perform thy Feudal duties, [only] if they be not contrary to the laws of God” (Commandment VII). Gautier established that “The Code of Chivalry tempered this rudeness” of Feudalism, which the Knights Templar thus actually opposed as the Enemies of Humanity [19].
Royal historian Gautier traced the source of the historical evil agenda to a medieval political clan of Satanists, as a self-styled “race of traitors” from Bavaria and in France, who worked to oppose the 11th century Code of Chivalry, and created “a Satanic Counter Code… ‘Thou shalt uphold evil and abase [attack] the good… dishonor the Church… [and] lie without shame…” [20]
This same Satanic agenda appeared in a “15th century Rothschild journal”, verified by British Museum scholars, as a letter from a Bavarian Secret Society to Feudal lords in France in 1489 AD, declaring a Globalist policy of anti-humanitarian destruction by deception:
“Make your sons doctors… that they may take away [people’s] lives… Arrange that your sons… always mix themselves up with the affairs of State, in order that by putting [the people] under your yoke [control] you may dominate the world… [and] reach the actuality of power”. [21]
An original full text of this Satanic agenda, the most complete and detailed version called the “Protocols of the Illuminati”, came from a transcript of a private speech by Mayer Amschel Rothschild to a Secret Society of oligarchs in 1773 AD [22]. It was intercepted from a courier from the headquarters of the Bavarian Illuminati in 1785 AD [23] [24] [25] [26], seized by police, and turned over to the Bavarian government through a magistrate. This officially proved that it was already in active use as an agenda by the Bavarian Illuminati before that time. [27]
The Vatican documented that the Bavarian government outlawing the Illuminati in 1785 AD had caused its expansion in France [28]. This was quickly followed by the Socialist French Revolution in 1789 AD, which was driven by propaganda of supposed “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”. That later resurfaced as the Russian Bolshevik Revolution in 1922, in the name of the same Socialist propaganda from the French Revolution [29].
Another authenticated copy of the same “Protocols” agenda was intercepted in 1818 AD from a courier of the “Alta Vendita” Lodge of the Italian “Carbonari” branch of the Bavarian Illuminati [30]. Another two authenticated copies of the same “Protocols” were translated from French, from one edition printed in Paris in 1897 AD [31], and another edition “stolen from… a secret meeting of the initiated in France” in 1901 [32] [33]. That edition was authenticated and preserved by the British Museum since 1906. This Satanic manifesto, published in English in 1922, is most revealing of the true Enemies of Humanity [34]:
Protocol 1.23 – Declares Satanic “Evil” by deception as a policy: “This evil is the one and only means to attain the end… Therefore, we must not stop at bribery, deceit and treachery when they should serve towards the attainment of our end.”
Protocol 22.3 – Admits Satanic “Evil” for tyrannical control, and confirms “all that evil which for so many centuries we have had to commit… [for] the bringing of everything into order”.
Protocol 4.1 – Confirms working through Secret Societies, to impose “despotism [tyranny]… unseen and secretly hidden… [through] some secret organization or other… behind a screen… [as] the secret force”.
Protocol 4.3 – Declares an agenda to destroy all Faith and Religion: “It is indispensable for us to undermine all faith, to tear out of the mind of the People the very principle of God and the spirit, and to put in its place… material needs.”
Protocol 3.7 – Confirms using Socialist propaganda to justify Globalist genocide of humanity: “We always give support in accordance with an alleged Brotherly Rule [Socialism]… We are interested in just the opposite… the killing out of the People.”
Protocol 1.25 – Confirms using Socialist propaganda “to cry among the masses of the people the words ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’… [which] carried away… true freedom of the individual”. (Note that those three key words were the mantra of the French Revolution.)
Protocol 1.26 – Confirms imposing Globalist rule using Socialist propaganda of “the words ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’… [for] putting an end everywhere to peace, quiet, solidarity and destroying all the foundations of the People’s States.”
Protocol 14 – Declares a new Globalist form of Feudalism (Neo-Feudalism) as “Serfdom… forcibly brought about by centuries of agitation” leading to “a state of serfdom”.
Protocol 23.4 – Declares a Globalist agenda of world domination, that by destroying civilization the secret society will “erect on the ruins the throne of the King of the Illuminati.”
Protocol 10.18 – Confirms a Globalist agenda to destroy all Religion, by imposing “one King over all the earth who will… annihilate… frontiers, nationalities, religions”.
Protocol 17.2 – Admits a historical agenda to destroy all Religion, mostly by propaganda: “We have long past taken care to discredit the priesthood… [as] a great hindrance to us.” Declares “the complete wrecking of that Christian religion: as to other religions we shall have still less difficulty in dealing with them”.
This agenda features a core Satanist Globalist method of masquerading as “Socialists”, using Pseudo-Socialist propaganda for deception, to justify evil against humanity. This is their traditional and persistent method, to promote evil in the name of “good”, falsely claiming “good” by superficial propaganda words alone, to hide the most Evil intentions, while vilifying and persecuting those who would resist Evil.
It is precisely this Satanic inversion tactic that the Bible warns us about: “Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil” (Isaiah 5:20)
The historical evil agenda is to destroy All Faith and all religions, through domestic destabilization, fueled by financial crises, combined with illegal foreign wars draining national resources, driven by artificially manufactured false Christian-Muslim conflicts. This is an obvious “divide and conquer” tactic, for elitist rule by tyrannical oppression against all of humanity.
This is precisely the same method being used again in the 21st century, by successors and adherents of exactly the same Satanist political clans, attempting to establish an Empire of Globalist governance over humanity, through Socialist propaganda to justify imposing state-mandated Atheism to abolish all religion, under a new modern form of Neo-Feudalism.
The original Knights Templar were not fooled by this evil agenda during the Middle Ages, continually discovering religious common ground and mutual friendship with their Muslim counterparts, even between battles [35] [36] [37]. Continuing in their true heritage and living by their authentic principles, the restored Templar Order also will not be fooled by this same historical evil agenda in the modern era.
Therefore, if there is any true “Crusade” (or any spiritual “Jihad”) in the modern world, it can only be one of Christians together with Muslims (and others), resolutely united against the evil agenda of those Satanist Globalist Pseudo-Socialist political clans who are the original and perpetual Enemies of Humanity and the Enemies of Faith.
Globalism is the political ideology of imperialist global domination and control over sovereign nation states, dating back to the ancient Greek and Roman Empires [38], which re-entered modern geopolitics in 1944 [39]. Globalist policy is an agenda of “globalization”, defined as “worldwide integration” of global governance [40], through “deregulation” to implement “single world [policies] dominated by multinational [elites], leading to diminishing capacity for national governments” [41].
‘The Great Tower of Babel’ by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (ca. 1563 AD) in Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
The Globalist agenda is essentially to impose global governance by a transnational “elite”, through undermining the sovereignty of nation states, primarily by undermining their cultural identities [42], mostly by “open borders” policies and promoting mass migration [43]. This agenda, and the results of its systemic dismantling of democracy, is known in geopolitics as “Neo-Feudalism” [44].
Globalism, and its resulting Neo-Feudalism, is in direct opposition to the will of God for prosperity of humanity and human rights, which is based upon a democracy of independent sovereign nation states preserving their cultures and traditions:
The Bible documents God’s plan for nation states of different cultural identities, established as “families… in their nations… by these were the nations divided in the earth” (Genesis 10:32). God condemned the Globalist project of the Tower of Babel, separated the people by foreign languages, and “scattered them abroad upon the face of all the earth” (Genesis 11:1-9). God declared that “My covenant is with… many nations… and I will make nations of thee” (Genesis 17:4-6).
Manifesting the most ancient principle of sovereign nation states with borders, God “divided to the nations their inheritance, when he separated… he set the bounds of the people” (Deuteronomy 32:8). The Apostles of Jesus confirmed that God “made… all nations… to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined… the bounds of their habitation” (Acts 17:26). [45]
The original manifesto planning the European Union, as early as 1922, defines its founding ideology of Globalist Socialism, promoting open borders policies and mass migration, to eliminate national identities and replace sovereign nation states with global governance of “elites”.
Confirming that this agenda is willfully in opposition to God and against humanity, that manifesto openly admitted – indeed declared – that it is Satanist Luciferian, as it “corresponds to Lucifer… who rebels… against the divine order… the leader of the people in his struggle against [God].” [46]
These facts prove that the modern mass migration crisis threatening Western civilization and Christian culture is not promoted by Muslims nor a policy of Islam, but rather is the admitted and documented agenda of Satanist Globalist Socialist politicians, for imposing an elitist world dictatorship of Neo-Feudalism.
The Code of Chivalry of 1066 AD commands to “love thy country”, and to support the sovereignty of “traditional nations… [which] possess in their traditions the best elements of their unity”, defined by their “natural boundaries”, and by their native cultural identity as the “homestead” of the “native land of proud hearts” [47].
The Temple Rule of 1129 AD commands to “serve in chivalry with the sovereign King” (Rule 1, Rule 9), thus defending the national sovereignty of one’s host country. Templars “sent through diverse parts of the world must strive… to live without reproach” (Rule 37), and are commanded to “take your rights [only] as specifically established” by the law of the land (Rule 57), thus requiring to uphold the traditions and laws of each host country. [48]
Therefore, authentic Templarism requires to defend the principle of national sovereignty against the agenda of Globalism. Templars thus have a traditional mandate to uphold the national laws and support the patriots of their host country, wherever they may be in the world.
Learn about the Defenders of the Church role of the modern Order.
Learn about Secret Societies Rejected by Templar core principles.
Learn about Christian Self-Defense justifying the fight against evil.
Learn about Sacred Activism as Templar methods of opposing evil.
[1] Joel Thomas Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq, University of California Press (2006), p.112.
[2] John L. Esposito (Editor), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press (2014), Article: “Ahl al-Kitab”.
[3] Sean McMeekin, The Berlin-Baghdad Express, Belknap Press (2012), pp.288, 297.
[4] Hakan Ozoglu, From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara (24 June 2011), p.8.
[5] Richard Barrett, The Islamic State, The Soufan Group “TSG”, New York (November 2014).
[6] Adam Withnall, Iraq Crisis: Isis Declares its Territories a New Islamic State with ‘Restoration of Caliphate’, The Independent, UK (30 June 2014).
[7] Staff, ‘ISIS is Enemy No. 1 of Islam’, Says Saudi Grand Mufti, Al Arabiyah News English (19 August 2014).
[8] Shafik Mandhai, Muslim Leaders Reject Baghdadi’s Caliphate, Aljazeera News, Qatar (07 July 2014).
[9] Coker & Hassan, Iraq Prime Minister Declares Victory Over ISIS, The New York Times (09 December 2017).
[10] Chris Pleasance, Russia Claims it has Completely Liberated Syria of ISIS Terrorists, The Daily Mail, London (06 December 2017).
[11] Henri de Curzon, La Règle du Temple, La Société de L’Histoire de France, Paris (1886), in Librairie Renouard, Rules 14, 56.
[12] Henri de Curzon, La Règle du Temple, La Société de L’Histoire de France, Paris (1886), in Librairie Renouard, Rule 285.
[13] Henri de Curzon, La Règle du Temple, La Société de L’Histoire de France, Paris (1886), in Librairie Renouard, Rules 37, 46, 48.
[14] Holy Bible, The New Testament, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press, Matthew 6:13; John 3:19-20; John 7:7; Ephesians 5:11-12.
[15] Emile Leon Gautier, La Chevalerie (1883); Translated in: Henry Frith, Chivalry, George Routledge & Sons, London (1891), Chapter IV, Commandment X.
[16] Saint Bernard de Clairvaux, Liber ad Milites Templi: De Laude Novae Militae, “Speech on Knights of the Temple: In Praise of the New Knighthood” (ca. 1136 AD); Translated in: Conrad Greenia, Bernard of Clairvaux: Treatises Three, Cistercian Fathers Series, No. 13, Cistercian Publications (1977), pp.127-145, “Chapter 1”.
[17] Emile Leon Gautier, La Chevalerie (1883); Translated in: Henry Frith, Chivalry, George Routledge & Sons, London (1891), Chapter II, Commandment II.
[18] Emile Leon Gautier, La Chevalerie (1883), translated in: Henry Frith, Chivalry, George Routledge & Sons, London (1891), Chapter IV: “Commandment VII”.
[19] Emile Leon Gautier, La Chevalerie (1883), translated in Henry Frith, Chivalry, George Routledge & Sons, London (1891), Chapter IV, “Commandment VII”, Chapter II, “Commandment III”.
[20] Emile Leon Gautier, La Chevalerie (1883), translated in: Henry Frith, Chivalry, George Routledge & Sons, London (1891), Chapter IV, “Commandment X”.
[21] Victor E. Marsden, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, The Britons Publishing Society, London (1922), “Introduction: A Fifteenth Century ‘Protocol’”, reprinted in Victor E. Marsden, Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Liberty Bell Publications, Reedy, West Virginia (ca. 1930), p.7.
[22] William Guy Carr, Pawns in the Game, 4th Edition, St. George Press, Los Angeles (1962), p.193, footnote on unnumbered p.198, archived in Prince George B.C. Public Library; See Nesta Webster, Secret Societies and Subversive Movements, pp.255-257.
[23] Adam Weishaupt, Apologie der Illuminaten, Frankfurt und Leipzig (Nuremberg) (1786), p.229.
[24] Adam Weishaupt, Apologie der Illuminaten, Frankfurt und Leipzig (Nuremberg) (1786), p.62.
[25] Abbé Barruel, Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism: The Antichristian Conspiracy, 2nd Edition, Part I, “Weishaupt’s Discourse for the Mysteries”, T. Burton, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, p.244.
[26] Herausgegeben von Jan Rachold, Die Illuminaten Quellen und Text zur Aufklarungsideologie des Illuminatenordens (1776-1785), Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1984), p.363, quoting Frankfurt & Leipzig, Kurze Rechtfertigung Meiner Absichten (1787).
[27] William Guy Carr, Pawns in the Game, 4th Edition, St. George Press, Los Angeles (1962), p.32.
[28] Vatican, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 7, Robert Appleton Company, New York (1910), Hermann Gruber, “Illuminati: History”.
[29] Dmitry Shlapentokh, The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition, Transaction Publishers, Edison New Jersey (1997), pp.220-228.
[30] Fritz Springmeier, Top 13 Illuminati Bloodlines, Tankobon (1995), pp.179-180 (Japanese); See: Fritz Springmeier, Bloodlines of the Illuminati, 3rd Edition, Pentracks Publications (2005) (English).
[31] Boris Fyodorov, Pyotr Stolypin’s Attempt to Resolve the Jewish Question (Russian).
[32] Victor E. Marsden, Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Liberty Bell Publications, Reedy, West Virginia (ca.1930), inside cover text.
[33] Mikhail Menshikov, Plots Against Humanity, “Letters to Friends & Family” (“Pis’ma k Blizhnim”) series, The New Times (Novoye Vremya), Saint Petersburg (April 1902).
[34] Victor E. Marsden, Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Liberty Bell Publications, Reedy, West Virginia (1930), reprinted from The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, The Britons Publishing Society, London (1922).
[35] Malcolm Cameron Lyons & D.E.P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War, University of Cambridge Oriental Publications (Book 30), 1st Edition, Cambridge University Press (1982), based on Arabic medieval manuscript sources, p.357.
[36] Charles J. Rosebault, Saladin: Prince of Chivalry, Robert M McBride & Co, New York (1930), Chapter 1, “The Knighting of Saladin”, pp.1-3.
[37] Pir Zia Inayat-Khan, Saracen Chivalry: Counsels on Valor, Generosity and the Mystical Quest, Suluk Press, Omega Publications, New Lebanon New York (2012), Introduction, p.xi.
[38] Paul James, Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In, Sage Publications, London (2006), p.22.
[39] Barnaby J. Feder, Theodore Levitt 81 Who Coined the Term ‘Globalization’ is Dead, The New York Times (06 July 2006).
[40] Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2018 Edition, “Globalization”.
[41] Collins English Dictionary, Complete & Unabridged Edition, Harper Collins (2012), “Globalisation”.
[42] Takis Fotopoulos, Globalization: the Reformist Left and the Anti-Globalization Movement, Democracy & Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, Volume 7, Issue 2 (July 2001).
[43] Paul James, Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States, Journal “Citizenship Studies”, Volume 18, Issue 2, pp.208-223.
[44] Joseph DePaola, Mutation of Medieval Feudalism Into Modern Corporate Capitalism: The Rise of Neofeudalism in Corporate Governance, BizShifts-Trends.com (13 August 2014); Joseph DePaola is a Stanford University scholar and Ph.D.
[45] Holy Bible, Authorized King James Version (AKJV), Cambridge University Press, Genesis 10:32, 11:1-9, 17:4-6; Deuteronomy 32:8; Acts 17:26.
[46] Coudenhove-Kalergi, Praktischer Idealismus “Practical Idealism”, Paneuropa Verlag, Vienna, 1922, Entschuldigung für Technologie “Apology of Technology”, Part 4, Section 1: “The European Technical World Mission”, p.83.
[47] Emile Leon Gautier, La Chevalerie (1883); Translated in: Henry Frith, Chivalry, George Routledge & Sons, London (1891), Chapter III, Commandment IV.
[48] Henri de Curzon, La Règle du Temple, La Société de L’Histoire de France, Paris (1886), in Librairie Renouard, Rules 1, 9, 37, 57.
You cannot copy content of this page
